What is macro photography and how do you do it?

Macro photography is the art of capturing tiny subjects in stunning detail, but what exactly is macro photography, and how do you do it? In this guide, we’ll explain the meaning of macro photography, the best cameras and lenses to use, and step-by-step tips on how to do macro photography successfully.

What is macro photography?

The terms close-up photography and macro photography are often used interchangeably, but they aren’t exactly the same. A close-up is a broad term for any image that feels tightly framed. Macro photography, by definition, refers to capturing a subject at a high level of magnification—typically at a 1:1 ratio or greater—so that tiny details become visible. For a true macro shot, you’ll usually need a dedicated macro lens, although there are also ways to simulate the effect that we’ll cover later in this guide.

Macro photography starts at a 1:1 ratio. That means the object you’re photographing is projected at the same size on your camera sensor as it appears in real life. In this ratio, the first number refers to your subject, while the second shows how large it is projected on the sensor. For example, a 1:2 ratio means your subject is recorded at half its actual size. (Some still consider 1:2 to be macro, but the higher that second number gets, the further you move from true macro magnification.) Macro can extend all the way up to 10:1, though in practice you’ll usually see ratios of 5:1 or below.

Once magnification goes beyond this range, you enter micro photography territory, which typically requires a microscope for accurate results.

Most macro lenses will clearly state their maximum magnification ratio in the name or engraved on the lens barrel. If you don’t see it there, check the manufacturer’s specs before purchasing to make sure the lens offers true macro capability.

When should I use macro photography?

Macro photography is ideal whenever you want to reveal details that are normally invisible to the naked eye. It’s commonly used for photographing flowers, insects, textures, jewellery, or any small subject where fine details matter. By getting in close, macro photography allows you to showcase patterns, shapes, and colours in a way that makes everyday objects look extraordinary. Whether you’re shooting in nature or at home, macro photography can transform the smallest subjects into striking, detailed images.

Common challenges of macro photography (and how to overcome them)

Though macro photography solves the problem of getting close enough and detailed enough, it also introduces some unique challenges. Here’s what to look out for:

Challenge 1: How to focus in macro photography

Achieving accurate focus is the number one issue most photographers face as they learn how to do macro photography. It’s hard to lock onto such a tiny point, but these solutions can help:

• Solution #1: Use focus stacking — Capture multiple points of focus throughout the image. Similar to exposure bracketing, you take a series of shots at different focus points. A macro rail is ideal for precise shifts, and later you can merge the images using Focus Merge in Affinity for sharpness across the subject.
• Solution #2: Move your body instead of the focus ring — Pick a focus point and gently move yourself forward or backward until the subject is sharp. Your torso is steadier than your hands, and holding your breath helps prevent small shifts that throw off focus.
• Solution #3: Try focus peaking on mirrorless cameras — Many mirrorless models highlight the in-focus areas in real time, making it easier to confirm accuracy before pressing the shutter.

Challenge 2: Managing depth of field in macro photography

Getting a wide enough depth of field to keep the entire subject sharp can be difficult in macro photography, especially while maintaining correct exposure. Often, you’ll only have a razor-thin slice of focus.

• Solution: A tilt-shift lens can help you manipulate the depth of field around your subject’s position. If that’s too costly, bounce a speedlight with TTL against a reflector for extra light, giving you more flexibility with aperture settings.

Challenge 3: Photographing moving subjects in macro photography

Living subjects like insects, even very small ones, are often on the move as you photograph them. That makes them difficult to focus on, and there’s always a chance of scaring them away while you adjust your camera or lens.

• Solution: Use a longer focal length macro lens. A lens of 90mm or longer increases your working distance, letting you shoot from farther away with the same magnification. This also reduces the risk of casting shadows on your subject.

What if I don’t have a macro lens?

How to do macro photography without a macro lens

You can still experiment with macro photography without investing in a dedicated macro lens, though in most cases it won’t be true 1:1 magnification. Here are a few alternatives:

• Use an extension tube — Mounting an extension tube between your camera body and lens adds distance between the sensor and lens elements, increasing magnification. To avoid issues like mechanical vignetting, try to buy one made by your camera’s manufacturer.
• Try a diopter filter — A diopter (close-up) filter threads onto the front of your regular lens and works like a magnifying glass for your camera sensor. This is an affordable way to test macro photography before investing in a dedicated macro lens, though some vignetting may still occur.
• Use your DSLR’s macro mode — Many DSLRs and even compact cameras have a built-in macro setting, usually marked with a flower icon. While this creates more of a close-up photography effect than a true macro one, it can work in a pinch. Be aware that you’ll sacrifice some control: the camera often decides aperture and shutter speed, which may force compromises with depth of field or require a tripod if the shutter speed drops too low.

Conclusion: Getting started with macro photography

Macro photography opens up a whole new way of seeing the world, turning the smallest details into works of art. Whether you’re experimenting with a camera’s macro mode, trying out extension tubes, or investing in a dedicated macro lens, the key is practice and patience. By understanding the meaning of macro photography, learning how to handle its common challenges, and choosing the right equipment, you’ll be well on your way to capturing striking close-up images that reveal a hidden side of everyday life.

Want to learn more? Read our macro photography tips for beginners, where professional photographers share advice on focus, lighting, composition, and more.

About the contributor

Feature Shoot showcases the work of emerging and established photographers worldwide, highlighting those transforming the medium through compelling, cutting-edge projects, with contributions from writers from all over the world.